Forex Halal Atau Haram

Sebelum ini persoalan membabitkan hukum Forex haram atau halal acapkali menjadi perdebatan dan persoalan dikalangan apa yang boleh kami istambularbag 8220kaki forex8221. Dan Año lepas juego de palabras JAKIM telah menganjurkan Muzakarah Ahli-Ahli Majlis Penasihat Cherámico Institusi Kewangan bagi membincangkan perkara-perkara seperti: Kefahaman Umum Terhadap Perdagangan Mata Wang (Forex) dan Kedudukannya Dalam Syarak Perdagangan Mata Wang (Forex) dan Pandangan Syarak Mengenai Pegendaliannya Perdagangan Mata Wang (Forex) Kedudukannya Dalam Undang-undang dan Kesannya ke atas Ekonomi Dan hasil daripada muzakarah tersebut terdapat beberapa rumusan dan kesimpulan yang telah dicapai antaranya ialah: Jual beli matawang diharuskan oleh Syarak, namun Perlu mematuhi dawabit tertentu selain menggelakkan unsur-unsur-unsur syibh Riba , Tipu daya, judi, qabd yang tidak jelas dan gharar dalam operasi spot forex secara individual melalui plataforma elektronik. Operasi spot forex en el mercado de la compra y venta de productos de segunda mano en el mercado de productos de segunda mano de Malasia Walaubagaimanapun, semáforo satu ketetapan telah dibuat oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan mengenai Forex. Hukum Forex. Haram atau Halal KOTA BHARU: Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan memutuskanumat Islam haram menguanan sistem perniagaan pertukaran wang asing. UIT Pengerusi Jawatankuasa, Tan Sri Abdul Shukor Husin, berkata ini kerana Perniagaan yang wang dilakukan melalui pertukaran asing (divisas) seperti UIT tidak menepati hukum Syarak dan menimbulkan keraguan di kalangan UMAT Islam. 8220Hasil Kajian Jawatankuasa ini, Kita dapati Perniagaan yang wang pertukaran membabitkan asing membabitkan spekulasi mata Wang Dan Dan ini bercanggah berlawanan dengan hukum Islam.8221 8220Oleh UIT, Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan memutuskan bahawa UMAT Islam diharamkan daripada mengamalkan sistem Perniagaan Cara demikian, 8221 Katanya kepada pemberita selepas Mempengerusikan mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan Ke-98 en el corazón de la India. Abdul Shukor berkata, Banyak ISU yang meragukan mengenai Perniagaan pertukaran Wang asing, olé UMAT UIT Islam tidak Perlu menceburkan diri, tambahan pula Kegiatan UIT membabitkan penggunaan Internet di kalangan Individu yang menyebabkan Untung Rugi tidak menentu. 8220Lain-lain jenis perniagaan pertukaran wang asing, seperti melalui pengurup wang atau dari banco ke banco dibenarkan. Kerana ia tidak menimbulkan spekulasi mata wang atau untung rugi yang tidak menentu, 8221 katanya. Beliau berkata, keputusan lain yang turut dicapai dalam mesyuarat itu ialah mengharuskan umat islam membuat pelaburan atau membuat simpanan melalui Skim Sijil Simpanan Premium yang dikendalikan Banco Simpanan Nasional (BSN). Katanya, keputusan itu dibuat selecciones jawatankuasa berkenaan berpuas hati dengan kaedah pelaksanaannya melalui taklimat yang disampaikan oleh pihak penal syariah Banco Negara pada muzakarah itu. 8220Pada mulanya, kita meragui, tentang, kaedah, pelaksaaan, skim, itu, tetapi, kita, berpuas, hati, selepas, sistem, perniagaan, skim itu, ditukar, konsep, Islam, iaitu, Mudharabah, 8221 katanya. 8211 BERNAMA Dahulu secara faktanya Antara sebab Ekonomi Malasia pernah jatuh Año 1997/1998 adalah Tindakan Kerajaan Malasia bermain Antarabangsa divisas yang 8220duduk dentro de un sistem kapitalis8221 sehingga telah memberikan ruang kepada spekulator George Soros sabotaj Untuk y economía de Malasia. Bagi kami ketetapan yang telah diberikan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan menunjukkan melahirkan pendirian mereka terhadap satu-satu kemusykilan untuk dijadikan panduan tambahan kepada unat Islam di Malysia hari ini. Dan tindakan Majlis Fatwa meletakan hukum Forex haram itu dibuat setelah mereka membuat kajian yang mendalam dan kajian itu tak bermakna dalam kajian dilakukan secara tergesa-gesa dan dibuat dalam tempoh sehari dua. Yang berada dalam Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan ini juego de palabras en un orang. Kalangan ulama dan yang ada pengetahuan tinggi dalam ilmu agama. 8220Adakah kita mahu Terus menunggu jawapan yang kita ingini barulah kita Akan terima amp berpuas hati dengan ketetapan daripada kalangan yang pengetahuan Tinggi dentro de un Agama terutamanya melibatkan hukum8221 Cuma kalau Boleh selepas ini besarlah harapan kami sendiri Supaya Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Malasia jenguklah-jenguklah sistem perbankan di Malasia hari ini Melibatkan beberapa persoalan yang telah membelengu rakyat Malasia secara umum dan umat Islam de Malasia amnya. Kami mahu lihat sendiri apa pendirian Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Malasia mengenai soal-soal yang melibatkan Sara 1Malaysia. Kadar faedah yang dikenakan pihak banco kepada pelanggannya selama ini, PTPTN caj pelajarnya dikehendaki bahar balik lebih dari jumlah pinjamannya. Dan mungkin kalangan anda sini mahu menambahnya Samada kerajaan nak ikut atau tidak itu perkara nombor 2. Yang penting kami mahu melihat sendiri ketetapan jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan terlebih dahulu. PD. Apa responder anda sebaik Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan menfatwakan hukum Forex haram kenape mufti cuma keluarkan fatwa haram secara terpilih. Banyak yang haram Contohnya Principal saham tue pun haram. Pasal kerugian tak menentu Urusniaga tertangguh. Sume banco yang menawarkan simpanan ataupún secara pinjaman secara riba juga patut difatwakán secara jelas ttg pengharamannya. Kenape, mufti, selalu, mengeluarkan, fatwa, mengikut, keuntungan, kerajaan, semata-mata. Jikalau kerajaan tidak mendapat keuntungan apa-apa daripada urusniaga tersebut. Maka difatwakan HARAM. Manakala urusniaga yang sudah terang-terangán mengandungi riba tidak difatwakan sebagai HARAM. Nie ler mufti dunia Takut hilang jawatan Merujuk pada fatwa yg dkeluarkan. forex adalah haram kerana.1.spekulasi.2.intenet individu.3.keuntongan tdak menentu. soalanya..dimana bezanya dngan pasaran saham bskl..tolong Jelas kanHukum Las operaciones de cambio Menurut MUI atau Halal Haram Hukum Las operaciones de cambio Menurut MUI atau Halal Haram Mengingat banyaknya yang mempertanyakan de comercio de divisas apa hukum menurutIslam (Meski dikupas sudah Banyak) maka berikut ini saya publicar artikel Dari Gainscope tentang FATWA MUI TENTANG COMERCIO DE FOREX. Di luar sana berkembang juga pendapat yang bersebarangan dengan fatwa MUI ini di mana mereka tetap berpendirian pada bahwa comercio forex adalah HARAM dengan hujjah / argumen yang mereka pegangi. Keputusan berpulang pada dan ada de tangan Anda. Selamat membaca. 1. Apakah Trading Forex Haram 2. Apakah Trading Forex Halal 3. Apakah Trading Forex diperbolehkan dalam Agama Islam 4. Apakah SWAP itu Mari kita (AL-SHARF) Bahas dengan artikel yang pertama: Forex Dalam Hukum Islam Dalam bukunya Prof. Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Forex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam. Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan / komoditi antar negara yang bersifat internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan ALAT bayar yaitu Uang yang-Masing Masing negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan berbeda satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga en relieve PERBANDINGAN Nilai MATA Uang antar negara. Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ini berubah (berluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volumen permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan dan penawil inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai. HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS 1. Ada Ijab-Qobul. --- gt Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima El peny del menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakantindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran Sehat) 2. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi yaitu jual-beli: barangnya Suci (najis Bukan) de Dapat dimanfaatkan de Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) sendiri oleh pemiliknya Atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada diceangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli salam itu diperbolehkan dalam agama. Jangan kamu membeli ikan dalam el aire, karena sesungguhnya jual beli yang demikian itu mengandung penipuan. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi dari Ibnu Masud) Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkán sifatsifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudiano jika barang sesuai dengan keterangán penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunya hak khiyar, artinya boleh meneruskán atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah: 8220Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya. Jual beli hasil tanam yang terpendam masih, ketela seperti, kentang, Bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena Akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika Harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam Untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam: 8220Kesulitan UIT menarik kemudahan.8221 Demikian juga jual beli barang-yang barang telah terbungkus / tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, GLP, dan sebagainya, asalkam etiqueta diberi yang menerangkan Isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. Cit. Hal 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al-Asbah al-Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55. JUAL BELI VALUTA QUE ASA DAN SAHAM Yang dimaksud dengan el valor adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, libra esterlina Inggris, ringgit Malasia dan sebagainya. Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh idee dari hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa untuk mengimpor dari luar negeri. Dengan demikian akan timbul península perminataan di bursa valuta asing. Setiap, negara, berwenang, penuh, menetapkan, kurs, ugna, masing-masing (kurs adalah, perbandingan, nilai, uangnya, terhadap, mata uang asing) Misalnya 1 dolar Amerika Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. kurs Pencatatan uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing (AWJ Tupanno, et al Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77..) FATWA MUI tentang Perdagangan Valas Fatwa Dewan Nasional Cherámico Majelis Ulama Indonesia No: 28 / DSN-MUI / III / 2002 tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (Al-Sharf) a. Bahwa dalam sejumlah kegiatan untuk memenuhi berbagai keperluan, seringkali diperlukan transaksi jual-beli mata uang (al-sharf), baik antar mata uang sejenis malpun antar mata uang berlainan jenis. segundo. Bahwa dalam urf tijari (tradición perdagangan) transaksi jual beli mata uang dikenal beberapa bentuk transaksi yang estado hukumnya dalam pandangan ajaran islam berbeda antara satu bentuk dengan bentuk lain. do. Bahwa agar kegiatan transaksi tersebut, dilakukan, sesuai, dengan, ajaran, islam, DSN memandang perlu menetapkan fatwa tentang al-Sharf untuk dijadikan pedoman. 1. Firman Allah, QS. Al-Baqarah2: 275:. Dan Allah (en español) tela tela tela tela............. 2. Hadíz Nabi Riwayat al-Baihaqi dan Ibnu Majah dari Abu Said al-Judri: Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Sesungguhnya jual beli UIT hanya Boleh dilakukan atas Dasar kerelaan (antara Kedua belah pihak) (HR albaihaqi dan Ibnu Majah, dan dinilai shahih olé. Ibnu Hibban). 3. Hadis Nabi Riwayat Musulmán, Abu Daud, Tirmidzi, Nasai, dan Ibn Majah, dengan teks musulmanes dari Ubadah bin Shamit, Nabi vio bersabda: (Juallah) emas dengan emas, perak dengan perak, gandum dengan gandum, syair dengan syair, kurma Dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam (denga syarat harus) sama dan sejenis serta secara tunai. 4. Hadis Nabi riwayat musulmanes, Tirmidzi, Nasai, Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah, dan Ahmad, dari Umar bin Khattab, Nabi vio bersabda: (Jual-beli) emas dengan perak adalah Riba kecuali (dilakukan) secara tunai. 5. Hadíz Nabi Riwayat musulmanes dari Abu Said al-Judri, Nabi vio bersabda: Janganlah kamu menjual emas dengan emas kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah menambahkan sebagian atas sebagian de Más janganlah menjual Perak Perak dengan kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah sebagaian menambahkan Atas sebagian yang lain dan janganlah menjual emas perak tersebut yang tidak tunai dengan yang tunai. 6. Hadis Nabi riwayat musulmanes dari Bara bin Azib dan Zaid bin Arqam. Rasulullah vio melarang menjual perak dengan emas secara piutang (tidak tunai). 7. Hadíz Nabi Riwayat Tirmidzi dari Amr bin Auf: Perjanjian de Dapat dilakukan di antara kaum muslimin, kecuali perjanjian Yang Yang mengharamkan atau halal haram menghalalkan yang dan kaum muslimin terikat dengan syarat-syarat mereka kecuali syarat Yang Yang mengharamkan atau halal haram menghalalkan yang. 8. Ijma. Ulama sepakat (ijma) bahwa akad al-sharf disyariatkan dengan syarat-syarat tertentu 1. Surat dari pimpinah Unidad Usaha Syariah Banco BNI no. UUS / 2/878 2. Pendapat peserta Rapat Pleno Dewan Syariah Nasional pada Hari Kamis, tanggal 14 Muharram 1423H / 28 Mar. 2002. Dewan Syariah Nasional Menetapkan. FATWA TENTANG JUAL BELÍ MATA UANG (AL-SHARF). Pertama. Ketentuan Umum Transaksi jual beli mata uang pada prinsipnya boleh dengue ketentuan sebagai berikut: 1. Tidak untuk spekulasi (untung-untungan). 2. Ada kebutuhan transakta atau untuk berjaga-jaga (simpanan). 3. Apabila transaksi dilakukan terhadap mata uang sejenis maka nilainya harus sama en secara tunai (at-taqabudh). 4. Apabila berlainan jenis maka, harus, dilakukan, dengan, nilai, tukar (kurs), yang, berlaku, pata, sa, transaksi, secara, tunai. Kedua. Jenis-jenis transaksi Valuta Asing 1. Transaksi SPOT, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan valuta asing Untuk penyerahan pada Saat UIT (over the counter) atau penyelesaiannya palidez lambat dentro jangka waktu Dua Hari. Hukumnya boleh adalah, karena dianggap Tunai, sedangkan waktu Dua Hari dianggap sebagai proses penyelesaian yang tidak bisa dihindari dan merupakan transaksi Internasional. 2. Transaksi ADELANTE, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan Valas yang nilainya ditetapkan pada Saat sekarang dan diberlakukan Untuk waktu yang Akan datang, Antara 2x24 atasco sampai dengan satu Año. Hukumnya haram adalah, karena Gama yang digunakan adalah Gama yang diperjanjikan (muwaadah) dan penyerahannya dilakukan di kemudian Hari, padahal Gama pada waktu penyerahan tersebut belum tentu sama dengan je de calificación yang disepakati, kecuali dilakukan dentro bentuk hacia delante acuerdo Untuk kebutuhan yang tidak de Dapat dihindari (lil Hajah) 3. SWAP Transaksi yaitu Suatu Kontrak pembelian atau penjualan Valas dengan harga punto yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian Antara penjualan Valas yang sama dengan Gama hacia adelante. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur másir (spekulasi). 4. Transaksi OPCIÓN yaitu Kontrak Untuk memperoleh hak dentro rangka membeli atau hak Untuk menjual yang tidak Harus dilakukan atas sejumlah unidad de valuta asing pada Gama dan jangka waktu atau tanggal ajir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur másir (spekulasi). Ketiga. Fatwa ini berlaku sejak tanggal ditetapkan, dengan ketentuan jika di kemudian Hari Ternyata terdapat kekeliruan, diubah Akan dan disempurnakan sebagaimana mestinya. Ditetapkan di. Jakarta Tanggal. 14 Muharram 1423 H / 28 Maret 2002 m DEWAN syariah NASIONAL - Majelis ULAMA INDONESIA Tulisan yacido yang menguatkan adalah sebagaimana ditulis oleh Dr. Mohammed Obaidullah di Bawah ini tentang ISLÁMICA las operaciones de cambio. 1. Los Contratos Básicos de Cambio Existe un consenso general entre los juristas islámicos sobre la opinión de que las monedas de diferentes países pueden ser intercambiadas sobre una base spot a una tasa diferente de la unidad, ya que las monedas de diferentes países son entidades distintas con diferentes valores o valor intrínseco , Y el poder adquisitivo. También parece haber un acuerdo general entre la mayoría de los estudiosos sobre la opinión de que el intercambio de divisas a plazo no es permisible, es decir, cuando los derechos y obligaciones de ambas partes se refieren a una fecha futura. Sin embargo, existe una considerable diferencia de opinión entre los juristas cuando los derechos de cualquiera de las partes, que son iguales a las obligaciones de la contraparte, se aplazan a una fecha futura. Para elaborar, consideremos el ejemplo de dos individuos A y B que pertenecen a dos países diferentes, India y Estados Unidos respectivamente. A tiene la intención de vender rupias indias y comprar dólares estadounidenses. Lo contrario es cierto para B. El tipo de cambio rupia-dólar acordado es 1:20 y la transacción implica la compra y venta de 50. La primera situación es que A hace un pago al contado de Rs1000 a B y acepta el pago de 50 de B. La transacción se liquida sobre una base spot desde ambos extremos. Tales transacciones son válidas e islámicamente admisibles. No hay dos opiniones sobre el mismo. La segunda posibilidad es que la liquidación de la transacción de ambos extremos se difiera a una fecha futura, digamos después de seis meses a partir de ahora. Esto implica que tanto A como B harán y aceptarán el pago de Rs1000 o 50, según sea el caso, después de seis meses. La opinión predominante es que tal contrato no es islámicamente permisible. Una opinión minoritaria la considera admisible. El tercer escenario es que la transacción está parcialmente liquidada desde un solo extremo. Por ejemplo, A hace un pago de Rs1000 ahora a B en lugar de una promesa de B para pagar 50 a él después de seis meses. Alternativamente, A acepta 50 ahora de B y promete pagar Rs1000 a él después de seis meses. Existen opiniones diametralmente opuestas sobre la admisibilidad de tales contratos que equivalen a bai-salam en monedas. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un análisis exhaustivo de varios argumentos en apoyo y en contra de la permisibilidad de estos contratos básicos que involucran monedas. La primera forma de contratación que implica el intercambio de contravalores sobre una base de punto es más allá de cualquier tipo de controversia. La admisibilidad o no del segundo tipo de contrato en el que se remite la entrega de uno de los contravalores a una fecha futura se discute generalmente en el marco de la prohibición riba. En consecuencia, discutimos este contrato detalladamente en la sección 2 que trata de la cuestión de la prohibición de riba. La admisibilidad de la tercera forma de contrato en la que la entrega de ambos contravalores es diferida, se discute generalmente en el marco de la reducción del riesgo y la incertidumbre o gharar involucrados en tales contratos. Este es, por lo tanto, el tema central de la sección 3 que trata de la cuestión de gharar. Sección 4 intentos de una visión holística de la Sharia se refiere a cuestiones como también la importancia económica de las formas básicas de contratación en el mercado de divisas. 2. La cuestión de la prohibición de Riba La divergencia de puntos de vista1 sobre la permisibilidad o no de los contratos de cambio en monedas puede atribuirse principalmente a la cuestión de la prohibición riba. La necesidad de eliminar riba en todas las formas de contratos de cambio es de suma importancia. Riba en su contexto sharia se define generalmente2 como una ganancia ilegal derivada de la desigualdad cuantitativa de los contravalores en cualquier transacción que pretenda efectuar el intercambio de dos o más especies (anwa), que pertenecen al mismo género (jins) y se rigen por La misma causa eficiente (illa). Riba se clasifica generalmente en riba al-fadl (exceso) y riba al-nasia (aplazamiento) que denotan una ventaja ilegal por exceso o aplazamiento respectivamente. La prohibición del primero se alcanza mediante una estipulación de que el tipo de cambio entre los objetos es unidad y ninguna ganancia es permisible a ninguna de las partes. Este último tipo de riba se prohíbe al no permitir la liquidación diferida y asegurarse de que la transacción sea liquidada in situ por ambas partes. Otra forma de riba se denomina riba al-jahiliyya o riba pre-islámica que surge cuando el prestamista pide al prestatario en la fecha de vencimiento si este último liquidará la deuda o aumentará la misma. El aumento se acompaña de cobrar intereses sobre la cantidad inicialmente prestada. La prohibición de riba en el intercambio de monedas que pertenecen a diferentes países requiere un proceso de analogía (qiyas). Y en cualquier ejercicio de analogía (qiyas), la causa eficiente (illa) desempeña un papel extremadamente importante. Es una causa eficiente común (illa), que conecta el objeto de la analogía con su sujeto, en el ejercicio del razonamiento analógico. La causa eficiente apropiada (illa) en caso de contratos de intercambio ha sido variadamente definida por las principales escuelas de Fiqh. Esta diferencia se refleja en el razonamiento análogo para las monedas de papel pertenecientes a diferentes países. Una cuestión de considerable importancia en el proceso del razonamiento análogo se relaciona con la comparación entre monedas de papel con oro y plata. En los primeros días del Islam, el oro y la plata cumplían todas las funciones del dinero (thaman). Las monedas se hicieron de oro y plata con un valor intrínseco conocido (cuánto de oro o plata contenido en ellos). Estas monedas se describen como thaman haqiqi, o naqdain en la literatura Fiqh. Estos eran universalmente aceptables como principal medio de intercambio, lo que representa una gran parte de las transacciones. Muchas otras mercancías, tales como varios metales inferiores, también sirvieron como medio de intercambio, pero con aceptabilidad limitada. Estos son descritos como fals en la literatura Fiqh. Estos también se conocen como thaman istalahi debido al hecho de que su aceptabilidad no se deriva de su valor intrínseco, sino debido al estatus concedido por la sociedad durante un período de tiempo particular. Las anteriores dos formas de monedas han sido tratadas de manera muy diferente por los primeros juristas islámicos desde el punto de vista de la admisibilidad de los contratos que los implican. La cuestión que debe resolverse es si las monedas de papel de la presente era de la categoría anterior o de la segunda. Un punto de vista es que estos deben ser tratados a la par con thaman haqiqi o oro y plata, ya que estos sirven como el principal medio de intercambio y unidad de cuenta como este último. Por lo tanto, por razonamiento análogo, todas las normas relacionadas con la Sharia y los mandamientos aplicables a thaman haqiqi también deben aplicarse al papel moneda. El intercambio de thaman haqiqi se conoce como bai-sarf, y por lo tanto, las transacciones en monedas de papel deben ser gobernadas por las reglas de Sharia relevantes para bai-sarf. La opinión contraria sostiene que las monedas de papel deben ser tratadas de manera similar a fals o thaman istalahi debido al hecho de que su valor nominal es diferente de su valor intrínseco. Su aceptabilidad se deriva de su estatus legal dentro del país nacional o de su importancia económica global (como en el caso de dólares de los Estados Unidos, por ejemplo). 2.1. Una síntesis de puntos de vista alternativos 2.1.1. Razonamiento analógico (Qiyas) para la prohibición de Riba La prohibición de la riba se basa en la tradición de que el santo profeta (la paz sea con él) dijo: Vender oro para el oro, plata para la plata, trigo para el trigo, cebada para la cebada, Sal para la sal, en las mismas cantidades en el lugar y cuando las mercancías son diferentes, vender como le convenga, pero en el acto. Por lo tanto, la prohibición de la riba se aplica principalmente a los dos metales preciosos (oro y plata) y cuatro otras mercancías (trigo, cebada, dátiles y sal). También se aplica, por analogía (qiyas) a todas las especies que son gobernadas por la misma causa eficiente (illa) o que pertenecen a cualquiera de los géneros de los seis objetos citados en la tradición. Sin embargo, no hay un acuerdo general entre las diversas escuelas de Fiqh e incluso los académicos pertenecientes a la misma escuela en la definición e identificación de causa eficiente (illa) de riba. Para los Hanafis, la causa eficiente (illa) de riba tiene dos dimensiones: los artículos intercambiados pertenecen al mismo género (jins), estos poseen peso (wazan) o mensurabilidad (kiliyya). Si en un intercambio dado, ambos elementos de causa eficiente (illa) están presentes, es decir, los contravalores intercambiados pertenecen al mismo género (jins) y son todos pesables o todos medibles, entonces ninguna ganancia es permisible (el tipo de cambio debe Ser igual a la unidad) y el intercambio debe ser sobre una base de punto. En el caso del oro y la plata, los dos elementos de la causa eficiente (illa) son: unidad de género (jins) y peso. Ésta es también la opinión de Hanbali según una versión3. (Una versión diferente es similar a la vista de Shafii y Maliki, como se discute más adelante). Así, cuando el oro se cambia por oro, o la plata se intercambia por plata, sólo las transacciones al contado sin ninguna ganancia son permisibles. También es posible que en un intercambio dado, uno de los dos elementos de la causa eficiente (illa) esté presente y el otro esté ausente. Por ejemplo, si los artículos intercambiados son todos pesables o mensurables, pero pertenecen a géneros diferentes (jins) o, si los artículos intercambiados pertenecen al mismo género (jins) pero ninguno es pesable ni mensurable, entonces cambie con ganancia (a una tasa diferente de Unidad) es permisible, pero el intercambio debe estar en una base del punto. Por lo tanto, cuando el oro se intercambia por la plata, la tasa puede ser diferente de la unidad, pero no se permite el establecimiento diferido. Si ninguno de los dos elementos de causa eficiente (illa) de riba están presentes en un intercambio dado, entonces ninguno de los mandatos para la prohibición riba se aplica. El canje puede tener lugar con o sin ganancia y ambos en un lugar o diferido. Considerando el caso de intercambio de monedas de papel pertenecientes a diferentes países, la prohibición riba requeriría una búsqueda de causa eficiente (illa). Las monedas pertenecientes a diferentes países son entidades claramente diferenciadas que son moneda de curso legal dentro de límites geográficos específicos con diferente valor intrínseco o poder adquisitivo. Por lo tanto, una gran mayoría de estudiosos acertadamente afirman que no hay unidad de género (jins). Además, no son ni pesables ni medibles. Esto lleva a una conclusión directa de que ninguno de los dos elementos de la causa eficiente (illa) de riba existe en dicho intercambio. Por lo tanto, el canje puede tener lugar libre de cualquier prescripción sobre el tipo de cambio y la forma de liquidación. La lógica subyacente a esta posición no es difícil de comprender. El valor intrínseco de las monedas de papel pertenecientes a diferentes países difieren, ya que tienen un poder adquisitivo diferente. Además, el valor intrínseco o el valor de las monedas de papel no puede ser identificado o evaluado a diferencia de oro y plata que puede ser pesado. Por lo tanto, ni la presencia de riba al-fadl (por exceso), ni riba al-nasia (por aplazamiento) puede establecerse. La escuela Shafii de Fiqh considera la causa eficiente (illa) en caso de que el oro y la plata sean su propiedad de ser moneda (thamaniyya) o el medio de intercambio, unidad de cuenta y almacén de valor. Esta es también la vista de Maliki. Según una versión de este punto de vista, incluso si el papel o el cuero se convierte en el medio de intercambio y se le da el estatus de divisa, entonces todas las reglas relativas a naqdain, o oro y plata se les aplican. Así, según esta versión, es permisible el intercambio de monedas de diferentes países a una tasa distinta de la unidad, pero debe ser liquidado sobre una base puntual. Otra versión de las dos escuelas de pensamiento anteriores es que la citada causa eficiente (illa) de la moneda (thamaniyya) es específica del oro y la plata, y no puede generalizarse. Es decir, cualquier otro objeto, si se utiliza como medio de intercambio, no puede ser incluido en su categoría. Por lo tanto, según esta versión, los mandamientos de la Sharia para la prohibición riba no son aplicables a las monedas de papel. Las monedas pertenecientes a diferentes países pueden ser intercambiadas con o sin ganancia y tanto de forma puntual como diferida. Los defensores de la versión anterior citan el caso del intercambio de monedas de papel pertenecientes al mismo país en defensa de su versión. La opinión consensuada de los juristas en este caso es que dicho intercambio debe ser sin ganancia o a una tasa igual a la unidad y debe ser liquidado sobre una base spot. Si se considera la Hanafi y la primera versión de la posición Hanbali, entonces, en este caso, sólo una dimensión de la causa eficiente (illa) está presente, es decir, pertenecen al mismo género (jins ). Pero las monedas de papel no son ni pesables ni mensurables. Por lo tanto, la ley de Hanafi permitiría al parecer el intercambio de cantidades diferentes de la misma moneda sobre una base del punto. Del mismo modo, si la causa eficiente de la moneda (thamaniyya) es específica sólo para el oro y la plata, entonces la ley Shafii y Maliki también permitiría lo mismo. Huelga decir que esto equivale a permitir préstamos y préstamos basados ​​en riba. Esto demuestra que es la primera versión del pensamiento de Shafii y Maliki que subyace a la decisión de consenso de prohibición de ganancia y liquidación diferida en caso de cambio de divisas pertenecientes al mismo país. Según los proponentes, extender esta lógica al intercambio de monedas de diferentes países implicaría que el intercambio con ganancia oa una tasa diferente de la unidad es permisible (ya que no hay unidad de jin), pero la liquidación debe ser sobre una base puntual. 2.1.2 Comparación entre Currency Exchange y Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf se define en la literatura Fiqh como un intercambio que implica el thaman haqiqi, definido como oro y plata, que sirvió como principal medio de intercambio para casi todas las transacciones importantes. Los partidarios de la opinión de que cualquier intercambio de monedas de diferentes países son iguales a los bai-sarf sostienen que en la actualidad las monedas de papel han reemplazado eficaz y completamente el oro y la plata como medio de intercambio. Por lo tanto, por analogía, el intercambio que involucra tales monedas debe ser gobernado por las mismas reglas y mandamientos de la Sharia como bai-sarf. También se argumenta que si se permite la liquidación diferida por cualquiera de las partes en el contrato, esto abriría las posibilidades de riba-al nasia. Los opositores de la categorización del intercambio de moneda con bai-sarf sin embargo señalan que el intercambio de todas las formas de la moneda (thaman) no se puede llamar bai-sarf. Según este punto de vista, bai-sarf implica el intercambio de monedas de oro y plata (thaman haqiqi o naqdain) y no de dinero pronunciado como tal por las autoridades estatales (thaman istalahi). Las monedas de la era actual son ejemplos de esta última clase. Estos eruditos encuentran apoyo en aquellos escritos que afirman que si las mercancías de intercambio no son oro o plata, (aunque sea una de ellas es oro o plata) entonces, el intercambio no puede ser llamado como bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf. Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf. Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold amp silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing amp lending. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price) In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate) The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar 3.1 Defining Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar amp Speculation with of Futures amp Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party - whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary amp Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract - speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. Notes amp References 1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. 2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16 3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9 4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25 5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991. 6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991. 7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging 50 with 55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for 55 at spot rate of 1:20) Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too. The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. 8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. 9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. 10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. 11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. 12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allahs prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time. It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mothers womb. 13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allahs Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. 14. The holy prophet is reported to have said Do not sell what is not with you Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. Ibn Abbas said: I think it applies to all other things as well. 15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. 16. M Hashim Kamali Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996 Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, IndiaHukum Trade Forex, Halal atau Haram Saya tulis juga isu ini kerana ada yang email saya bertanyakan tentang adakah pekerjaan saya ini halal atau haram. Income saya sebagai forex trader adakah halal atau haram. Sebenarnya topik yang nak dibincangkan ini agak berat sebenarnya, memandangkan kita sebagai umat Islam mempunyai pelbagai pendapat daripada badan-badan kerajaan, ulama-ulama, ustaz-ustaz dan ilmuan-ilmuan. Berikut saya letakkan sedutan video tentang apakah hukum trading forex menurut perspektif Islam. Adakah harus atau haram. Bagaimana boleh jadi haram, bagaimana boleh jadi harus Terdapat banyak kekhilafan dan percanggahan dalam penentuan hukum halal atau haram forex trading iaitu urusniaga pertukaran matawang secara dalam talian, bukan money changer. Dengar penjelasan terperinci daripada Ustaz Ahmad Dusuki tentang halal haram forex trading. Ustaz Ahmad Dusuki pernah menjadi panel bagi Rancangan TV9 Tanyalah Ustaz dan beliau tahu selok belok dalam urusniaga forex trading online ini, tentang perkara yang melibatkan margin, leverage, pegangan akaun dalam matawang US Dollar. Beliau juga aktif mengupas isu-isu tentang pasarang kewangan Malaysia seperti Hukum ASB, ASN, pelaburan dan lain-lain. Bagaimana forex trading jadi Harus bagaimana jadi Haram semuanya di kupas sebaik mungkin dalam video ini. Pastikan anda menonton video ini sehingga habis. Ulasan peribadi saya : Terkilan Saya sebenarnya agak terkilan dengan apa yang difatwakan di Malaysia tentang forex trading ini adalah Haram jika trade secara retail (dipanggil retail trader, trade sendiri) dan halal jika di trade di Bank-Bank. Seolah-olah jika makan ayam yang disembelih sendiri menjadi haram, tetapi jika makan ayam yang di beli dari KFC, yang diapproved dan dilesenkan menjadi halal. Contoh sahaja lah. Sebenarnya pendapat tentang ini ramai yang mengatakan. jika kita betul-betul yakin forex trading ini halal maka kita boleh trade, dan jika kita yakin betul-betul haram, kita tinggalkannya sebab ia adalah kekhilafan ulama. Ulama dari negara jiran menetapkan harus, mufti di sini menetapkan harus, majlis fatwa menetapkan haram dan pelbagai lagi. Jika kita yakin dan tahu apa yang kita dagangkan dengan ilmu dan tidak berjudi, ia menjadi harus, inshaALLAH kita cari yang halal dan kita tidak berjudi. Saya juga sedikit terkilan dengan hukum hakam yang ditetapkan untuk produk kewangan di negara kita, contohnya ASB dan ASN, ada yang kata harus, ada yang kata haram, penelitian ada sesetengah kaunter saham yang dimiliki tidak patuh syariah tetapi ada pula panel syariah yang tetapkan harus atau halal. Pelik bukan. Ia seolah-olah tiada titik panduan dan keputusan yang dibuat berkepentingan pada golongan-golongan tertentu. (Isu 2013) Isu Tabung Hajah yang mempunyai kaunter-kaunter saham yang berubah status dari patuh syariah kepada tidak oleh BiNM, dan TabungHaja memberi 6 bulan masa untuk syarikat-syarikat tersebut untuk patuh syariah, sedangkan income yang datang dari 6 bulan tersebut adakah halal, sedangkan kaunter saham tersebut ditarik balik kelulusan patuh syariahnya. Jadi income dari TabungHajah seolah-olah bercampur aduk Ini sangat merisaukan. Harap semua ini bertambah baik demi menjaga sensitiviti umat Islam di Malaysia. Pelaburan atau Perdagangan Forex Sebenarnya ada yang keliru tentang perdagangan forex(trade forex) dengan pelaburan forex. Sekarang banyak broker-broker yang tumbuh macam cendawan selepas hujan, mengatakan mereka broker forex dan menawarkan fixed return setiap bulan. Saya ingin menyatakan di sini bahawa itu bukan broker forex yang sebenar dan hukum harus forex tidak dapat diaplikasikan padanya sebab ia adalah perkara lain. Ia pelaburan bukan kita trade sendiri forex dari rumah. Dalam retail trading forex di broker yang betul, tidak terdapat FIXED RETURN dalam forex. Tiada fixed. Semua atas kebolehan dan ilmu kita. Jadi hukum hakam yang dibincangkan di sini tidak dapat dikaitkan dengan syarikat yang kononnya broker forex tersebut. Berhati-hatilah, sebab ramai skim pelaburan cepat kaya, labu peram, memberikan percent tetap yang berlindung atas nama broker forex sedangkan ia bukan broker forex sebenar. Lambat laun mengikut sejarah, pasti tutup juga syarikat tersebut selepas duit orang ramai sudah berjaya di bolot. Ini boleh jadi haram kerana pemberian komisen yang tetap. Tiada perniagaan yang dipastikan keuntungannya, bagaimana pulangan menjadi keuntungan tetap di beri Saya akan menulis bab bagaimana mengenali broker forex yang betul nanti. Teruskan melawat blog ini. Kita kupas satu-satu. InshaALLAH, kita mencari yang halal, masakan saya menjadikan trade forex income utama saya jika trade forex ini haram. Janji saya faham ilmu trading, faham pergerakan ekonomi yang mempengaruhi matawang, ekonomi dunia dan teknikal serta fundamental analisis, dan posisi buy/sell tidak masuk atas dasar berjudi, saya berpegang kepada hukumnya harus. Semoga ALLAH memberkati kita semua. Amin. Anda di jemput memberikan pandangan anda dengan komen di ruangan bawah. Sekian. 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